Homeric epics are full of vivid descriptions of feasts - from the bloody sacrifices of the Iliad to Odysseus's wine-dark sea. Here's how to talk about food and drink in the language of Homer.
Essential Food Vocabulary
σῖτος
/sîː.tos/“grain, food”
The basic staple food, often referring to wheat or barley. Appears frequently in phrases like 'σῖτον ἔδωκεν' (he gave food).
κρέας
/kré.as/“meat”
Typically refers to roasted meat from sacrifices. The heroes eat a lot of this - especially beef and mutton.
ἄρτος
/ár.tos/“bread”
Flatbreads or loaves, often served with wine. Different from modern leavened bread.
Drinking Like a Hero
οἶνος
/ôi.nos/“wine”
The drink of choice, often mixed with water. Described with epithets like 'ἠδὺς' (sweet) or 'μέλας' (dark).
κρατήρ
/kra.tɛ̌ːr/“mixing bowl”
The large vessel used for mixing wine and water before serving.
δειπνέω
/deːp.né.ɔː/“to dine”
The verb for eating the main meal of the day. Often involves both food and ceremonial drinking.
Feasting Rituals
- Libations (σπονδή) - pouring wine as an offering to the gods
- The 'first slice' (γέρας) - ceremonial portion given to honoured guests
- Toasting with the 'cup of friendship' (φιλότητος δέπας)
Feasting wasn't just about eating - it was a complex social ritual marking status, hospitality, and divine favour.
Food in Key Scenes
| Scene | Vocabulary | Book Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Odysseus in Circe's hall | κύκεον (magic potion), τράπεζα (table) | Odyssey 10 |
| Achilles feasting Patroclus | ὀπτάω (to roast), δαίνυμι (to feast) | Iliad 9 |
For more on Homeric language, see our guide to Homeric Greek battle cries or essential phrases for bards.
Modern Connections
Many Homeric food terms survive in modern Greek: οἶνος became 'οίνος' (wine), ἄρτος became 'άρτος' (bread in religious contexts). The ancient roots in modern vocabulary are fascinating to trace.
Pro tip: When reading Homer, pay attention to food scenes - they often reveal character relationships and plot developments.
