Ancient Rome’s influence on modern Italian is undeniable. Whether you’re reading historical texts, visiting ruins, or just fascinated by Roman history, knowing the right vocabulary can deepen your understanding. This guide covers essential Italian terms tied to Rome’s political, military, and cultural legacy.
Political and Social Structures
Senato
/seˈna.to/“Senate”
The governing body of ancient Rome, composed of patricians and later wealthy plebeians. It played a crucial role in legislation and foreign policy.
Imperatore
/im.pe.raˈto.re/“Emperor”
The supreme ruler of the Roman Empire, holding absolute authority after the fall of the Republic.
Plebèi
/pleˈbɛ.i/“Plebeians”
The common citizens of Rome, distinct from the aristocratic patricians. Their struggles for rights shaped early Roman politics.
Military Terms
Legione
/leˈd͡ʒo.ne/“Legion”
The primary military unit of Rome, consisting of around 5,000 heavily armed infantrymen.
Gladiatore
/ɡla.djaˈto.re/“Gladiator”
A trained fighter who entertained audiences in brutal public contests, often slaves or prisoners of war.
Centurione
/t͡ʃen.tuˈrjo.ne/“Centurion”
A professional officer in the Roman army, commanding a century (80-100 soldiers).
Architecture and Daily Life
Foro
/ˈfɔ.ro/“Forum”
The central public square in Roman cities, used for markets, courts, and political gatherings.
Terme
/ˈtɛr.me/“Baths”
Public bathing complexes, serving as social hubs where Romans relaxed and conducted business.
Anfiteatro
/an.fi.teˈa.tro/“Amphitheatre”
An oval or circular venue for gladiatorial games and public spectacles, like the Colosseum.
Religion and Mythology
Pantheon
/panˈtɛ.on/“Pantheon”
A temple dedicated to all Roman gods, now a well-preserved architectural marvel in Rome.
Lari
/ˈla.ri/“Lares”
Household deities worshipped as protectors of the family and home.
Augure
/ˈaw.ɡu.re/“Augur”
A priest who interpreted the will of the gods by studying natural omens, like bird flights.
Many Italian cities still bear traces of Roman urban planning. If you’re visiting, look for remnants of strade romane (Roman roads) or acquedotti (aqueducts) in places like Rome, Verona, and Pompeii.
Latin’s Influence on Italian
Modern Italian evolved from Vulgar Latin, the everyday speech of the Roman Empire. Words like via (road) and vino (wine) have direct Latin roots. For more on this, see our article on Latin vocabulary in modern English.
